Georgia Division of Family and Children Services Child Welfare Policy Manual

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Social Policy and the Welfare State

Submitted: October 30th, 2018 Reviewed: November 2nd, 2018 Published: November 28th, 2018

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.82372

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Abstruse

The developments and changes in the social life have led to modify in the social needs. Therefore, problems and their solutions also change. The industrial revolution which realized in the eighteenth century had some of import impacts not but on the economic life just also on social structure. It was aimed to solve social problems and ensure prosperity through social policies, which is a multidisciplinary field, and consequently, the concept of welfare state emerged. The states, which had liberal concerns and traditional protection functions and reached a powerful position with their internationalist approaches, underwent a transformation period considering of the economical and social developments which took place in the last quarter of the twentieth century. It has been subject of criticism that states increased the social expenses to satisfy the social needs and therefore caused an economic crunch in this period when the effects of globalization were discussed. In this study, the change and transformation process in the welfare states and their social policies at the global scale volition be handled conceptually and from the historical development perspective. Making determinations about the by and present, too as having assumptions for hereafter, this study aims to contribute to literature.

Keywords

• social policy
• welfare country
• globalization
• welfare
• social welfare

• Esra Dundar Aravacik*

  • Faculty of Economic science and Authoritative Sciences, Healthcare Institutions Direction Department, Health Police, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Turkey

*Address all correspondence to: esra.dundar@ikc.edu.tr

1. Introduction

Social policy is an inclusive disciplinary, which ways to provide solutions to accost needs of social life. Social issues modify based on economical and environmental factors. These changes besides differ based on social structure and land policies.

The historical background of social policies is in parallel with of import events in the man history. An of import cornerstone in the globe history, industrial revolution, is an economic revolution on one side, but it increased the social problems on the other side. From industrial perspective, societies tin exist regarded as preindustrial lodge, industrial social club, and postindustrial society. It is also possible to say that social policies that provided solutions to social problems also changed based on the conditions of the menses.

It is seen that traditional methods were used to satisfy social needs, and the groups in need of protection were tried to exist protected through social assist and services in the preindustrial period.

The period which began with the industrial revolution caused varied social bug as from the second half of eighteenth century. Seeking solutions to accost the poverty and social imbalance, which were caused by the industrialization, social policy tried to brand residuum between economy and social policies. The migrations to industrialized regions with the impact of industrialization acquired new professions, negative life and piece of work weather, and poverty. In the confront of this change in the demographic construction, states adopted the liberal economic understanding equally a solution. Costless marketplace economic system that emerged every bit a effect of concerns that state interventions would harm economic and social balances helped a part of society to take welfare but acquired workers who constituted the majority of club to impoverish. Liberal economy understanding's failure to ensure social welfare resulted in criticisms and the rise of neoliberal approaches.

The fact that liberal land understanding'south express arroyo caused negative results on social policies led adopting a more interventionist and regulating state model. Because social expectations that the state should come across social needs increased, the country got a new character to solve social bug. Affected by the wars which broke out in the first half of twentieth century and 1929 economic crisis, the concept of state inverse in favor of social policies. With Keynesian economic approach, it paved the way for more inclusive interventions and adopted "welfare state" arroyo. However, too affected by globalization, the interventionist approach of welfare land to ensure economical and social welfare failed to ensure economic growth, and the position of state was discussed over again.

In this new catamenia, where the increase of social expenditures and taxes was perceived every bit a threat, it was suggested that the social responsibilities of the state should be reduced. The crises beginning in 1970s and the problems which increased with the outcome of globalization led to a transformation in the welfare state. The crunch of welfare state and the constantly increasing discussion near the function of country to decide social policies caused states to plunge into new quests.

Although the quests for the welfare state of Golden Historic period were unlike, it is possible to say that the basic attitudes were neoliberal attitudes similar increasing the effectiveness of local administrations, leaving ensuring welfare ton on profit organizations, and leaving social services to individual sector. Therefore, the Welfare Land style that emerged with industrial revolution was restructured with the "Data Age" and globalization which emerged in the last quarter of twentieth century. In this period, social policies are determined by civil society, international, and supranational organizations instead of traditional means, and social policy understanding turns into new forms.

In spite of all criticisms, welfare state nonetheless regulates and implements social policies today. Exposed to some transformations and to some extent replaced by neoliberal policies as a result of changes acquired past the globalization and information age, the welfare country is predicted to proceed its existence in new forms and remains as an important power to regulate social policies in future.

In this study which has been made under the calorie-free of this information and predictions, starting time of all, the conceptual foundations, targets, and ways of social policy volition be explained with the factors which paved the mode for its emergence in the historical process. After that, the concept of welfare state and the effects and events, which paved the mode for its emergence, will be handled in the historical procedure. Welfare state crisis and globalization will exist explained under different headings and determinations, and predictions will be fabricated about today and time to come, discussing their impact on the social policy.

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ii. The subject of social policy

Social policy is referred to as "social policy" in Continental Europe, but it is referred to as "social welfare policy" in the North American literature. Some authors argue that these two concepts take the same meaning only some others argue that social policy is a frame concept which encompasses diverse policies, including social welfare policy [1].

Differences regarding the definition of social policy also arise from periodic weather. To Wagner, social policy means the measurements taken by country to protect workers, while to Kessler, it means the movements and struggles of social class and state's attitude against this struggle. To Lauber, social policy is a set of measurements taken at national level in order to alter and regulate the financial and cultural life conditions in a definite period of fourth dimension. Albrech defines social policy equally all measures and institutions that are taken to protect the part of club which is in need of economic protection and to ensure social security and peace [2]. Marshall defines social policy as a set of policies adult by state to ensure welfare in order that it obtains service and income. Hagenbuch asserts that social policy is an effort to brand sure that individuals have minimum standards and opportunities.

In narrow sense, social policy is an attitude to accost the disputes, imbalances, and conflict of interests between employers and employees and to ensure harmony betwixt classes in capitalist systems [3, iv, 5]. In narrow sense, the aim of social policies is to find solutions for the bug emerging in industrials societies. From this perspective, it serves ensuring the social justice for catastrophe the social inequalities that have been acquired past the industrial revolution in social policy. In narrow sense, it represents the policies for making a residuum betwixt labor and capital because it encompasses only problems of worker and labor classes [vi]. These policies also include the provision of social justice.

In narrow sense, political policy approaches the working life every bit the bones chemical element that can explain the society. In this context, it besides deals with issues such equally wages, working conditions, trade unionism, and collective bargaining [vii].

In a broad sense, the concept of social policy means comprehensive practices which address not only the problems and needs of working class merely also those of the other segments of lodge [viii]. With a definition from this perspective, it is possible to say social policy discipline addresses the issues of urbanization, environment, wellness, and education and those of all segments of society such every bit workers, the disabled, the elders, children, and immigrants. In a lath sense, social policy emerged together with the concept of welfare state after World War 2. Therefore, social policy includes health services, social security, city, environment, and struggling against unemployment and poverty that affect social welfare. In a broad sense, the final target of all these practices is to ensure social peace, social justice, and equality between dissimilar groups [9].

Social policy is determined on the basis of redistribution. The regulatory and distributive view of policies serves to ensure that everyone living in society has social freedoms and equal opportunities [10]. Ensuring the welfare of each individual is the chief objective of the state and other organizations that are social policy practitioners.

The members of gild have such needs as educational activity, social security, health services, and housing. Social policy aims to ensure the welfare of individuals through legislative regulations. Because social policy is afflicted past social developments, it changes based on the needs of individuals. State makes new regulations based on needs. It is possible to brand divide regulations for those who are in demand of protection from social policy perspective for children and youth, for the disabled, for families with low income, and for the elders.

The factors which affect and make up one's mind social policy are not only the needs of society and individuals simply too are ideological movements, crime rates, unemployment, media, politics, industrial groups, and violence, such economical factors every bit debit and recession and the nature of welfare country (social democratic, liberal, etc.) [xi].

Social policy tin can be defined equally an area consisting of decisions taken with the participation of many individuals and parties, which is put in force after the land determines its footing [12]. In that location is a mutual interaction between social policy and economic policies [3]. Thus, the development of a country is not possible only through economic growth merely likewise by achieving a fair and counterbalanced growth to solve social problems. From this perspective, the problems in economy and those in social policy need to be handled together.

2.i Principles and concepts of social policy

To achieve its goals, social policy needs to take some principles regarding the policies information technology will determine.

The social policy, which is put in force by the land and other institutions, affects the welfare of society directly. A state'southward regulations regarding welfare need to be determined by analyzing its social policies. The subjects and basic principles related with social policies are social needs and social problems, equal rights and social justice, efficiency, equity and choice, altruism, reciprocity and obligation, and partitioning, difference, and exclusion [thirteen].

Welfare country should provide some rights to the people. These are elaborated below.

• Equality: Achieving equality underlies social policies. Resources need to be distributed fairly in order to achieve equality. Equality has different types: equal upshot, equal opportunity, or equal treatment.

• Equal opportunity: It means that equal groups should be treated equally. Equal opportunity needs to be given to people regardless of their sexual practice or group. Moreover, all people must accept the same opportunities in educational system or in the labor market.

• Need: Basic needs are food, caring, and housing. Needs are not limited, and it is not sure which needs should exist covered by states.

• Freedom and rights: There are different types of rights. Ceremonious rights mean the absence of capricious abort and detention but having freedom to discuss any opinion. Social rights mean social welfare and social security, right to education. Political rights include voting and joining political parties and freedom to explain opinion in a autonomous way.

All of these rights are provided by welfare land. The individuals who live in order are spring to state through the bond of citizenship. He/she has the right to request the state to which he/she is a denizen to make policies which pave the way to provide him/her the rights he/she has. From this perspective, the citizenship concept plays an of import office in determining the land's obligations and rights of individuals equally a office of social policies.

The primary goal of social policies is to ensure that everyone in society lives in harmony, afar from conflicts. Thus, the target is to ensure social justice, social evolution, social balance, social integration, and social peace [7].

• Cheers to social justice , everyone in gild will have equal rights in the face of equal risks. In this style, the inequalities and differences acquired by the economical chances are eliminated. All the policies that ensure that anybody has fair opportunities with regard to income, taxes, wages, education, and social security contribute to the development of social justice.

• Ensuring the social balance is possible if everyone in society lives in harmony and balance. Therefore, social differences need to be reduced. Especially the differences and inequalities, with regard to opportunities, of the individuals living in different regions cause this residuum and harmony to deteriorate. It is one of the main objectives of social policy practitioners to eliminate the differences regarding the development level and to ensure that anybody benefits from the same social services.

• Social peace is ensured through policies aimed at eliminating the factors that lead to the deterioration of the residue within the social structure. Especially in the capitalist system, the social differences created by the free market can hinder solidarity throughout the society. For the creation of a social club dominated past harmony and reconciliation, policies should be implemented in gild to eliminate the negative effects on the psychology of social club.

• Social integration refers to the minimization of political and economic factors that negatively impact unity and solidarity in society. Education, culture, and moral values are bug that bear upon social resolution in this sense.

• Achieving the goal of social republic, it is possible to protect the fundamental rights and freedoms of individuals in autonomous gild with the legal order in the framework of democratic freedoms. The goal of democracy must be accomplished in lodge to protect the individuals' rights to work and participate.

ii.2 History of social policy

The social policy, which is considered to have emerged equally a effect of the economic and social developments in the nineteenth century, started to become meaningful with the industrial revolution. As a event of the modify in economical relations with the industrial revolution, social changes became inevitable. With the industrial revolution, increased production gave ascent to the need for more labor. The dominance of upper-case letter owners on the labor marketplace increased even further through the liberalization of trade.

In a period when the liberal market place economic system approach (Laissez-faire) was adopted, the dominant opinion was that government interventions would negatively impact the costless market [xiv]. The conventionalities that a market created without intervention would enrich the people, on the i paw, ensured the enrichment of the owners of uppercase and, on the other mitt, caused the labor sector to become poor. The poverty faced past children and women hurts humanitarian feelings [fifteen]. Increasing poverty during this period when no intervention was fabricated to workers' wages and working conditions caused the social problems to increment and thus the rapid evolution of social policies.

As a result of liberal approach in the economy, two opposing sections have emerged in society: the bourgeois class who are the capital owners and working grade who are the labor holders. The reduced of wages, poor working conditions, and long working hours have led to social problems in the labor form and to class conflicts. In the nineteenth century, social policies were applied to solve the social problems created by the liberal economy understanding of the land. Providing social peace and justice through the intervention of the state in the working life, working relations, and wages is inevitable.

With the social reform movements that began in England and Canada between 1880 and 1920, social policies turned into a descriptive approach from the prohibitive approach [ane]. In this approach, the land was criticized that its function in the work life was express and rigid, and information technology was suggested that the state should regulate social atmospheric condition in social club to eliminate the negativities in the work life. In this menses, there was an opinion that the function of the state in social policies should increase, in the capitalist developed countries, such as France, Germany, and the USA.

Consequently, the emergence of social policy in the modern sense is attributed to social atmospheric condition created past French Revolution in intellectual-political sphere and those created by industrial revolution in the social and economical spheres [16].

Subsequently Earth State of war Ii, liberal economic approaches in adult countries were abandoned, and Keynesian policy arroyo was adopted with the belief that the state should arbitrate in social policies. Another important cistron in the adoption of this approach is the 1929 economical crisis and its negative consequences. After the industrial revolution, the telescopic of social policies expanded, and not only the problems of labor sector but also those of the whole society were addressed. All of the bug such as wellness services, elderly and child care, struggle against unemployment and poverty, participation of women in working life, protection of the environment, and gender discrimination became issues for which the country struggled nether social policy.

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3. Toward welfare state

The concept of welfare state emerged in 1930s and 1940s. Unlike the concept of state which was adopted during World State of war 2 and which aimed for providing sufficient money to cover the need of regular army in far, welfare state aims at providing social policy, wellness services and thus providing social needs [17].

Welfare country concept gains different aspects in unlike countries according to their cultural, social, political, and economical legacies and historical developments. Welfare state aims at providing welfare of the individual citizens. According to the demands of labor market place and civil society, welfare land intervenes in the economic system.

Although there are many definitions virtually the welfare state, Asa Brigg defines it as follows: "Information technology is a kind of state in which consciously organized public power is used to reduce the role of market place forces." Information technology is accustomed within the scope of the role of the welfare state to provide a minimum income guarantee to individuals and families, to facilitate the prevention of sure social risks, and to offer good living conditions to individuals in social club through social welfare [18].

Some other definition of the welfare state is that "information technology is a contemporary state understanding that undertakes the duty to ensure a off-white income distribution, protect the groups and classes in demand of protection, direct the social security practices and employment policies, do the politicize to encounter the basic requirements of social club such equally education, health, and housing and takes measures for regulating the working life, thanks to the tax and wage policies information technology follows" [xix].

3.1 History of welfare land

The difficulties were faced with regard to making definition of the welfare state and justifying its historical development. As mentioned above, each and every state has a different national social security system, a different social construction, and thus, different needs. Moreover, welfare state determines the policies that are required past the economic, social, and cultural conditions and put in force the legislative regulations accordingly.

The development process of welfare state can exist handled by categorizing in three periods. The first period was between 1870 and 1913, in other words from the late seventeenth century when the industrial revolution took place to early on nineteenth century. The next period was the fourth dimension between World War I and Earth State of war Ii and the time period between 1950 and 1973 when is referred to as the "Gold Age of Welfare States." Welfare state changed with the economic crises which realized afterwards 1973. This period is referred to equally "Welfare State Crisis" and refers to the menstruation up today.

The emergence of welfare state dates back to 1601, when Poor Laws were put in force in Uk. In this catamenia, most of men were recruited for war. When they turned back domicile, they lived the rest of their life without any social security or protection but under risks. 1601 Poor Constabulary was the starting time legislative initiative to protect the elders, patients, and wounded people in the lodge. However, this legislative regulation was not sufficient because the residuum of order was also in need of protection. Another legislative regulation was made in 1834 equally a effect of economic and social force per unit area and because of the developments at the time. This is the beginning of the stigmatizing furnishings of social policy. In the following periods, the effects of Adam Smith's gratuitous market economy started to change the country policies and legislative regulations non merely in UK but as well in other countries.

Welfare state really emerged subsequently World War II. Forth Earth State of war I, all countries spent all of their resource for war. Later World War I, it was understood that John Maynard Keynes approach was not sufficient for creating job opportunities and reviving public economy. After the state of war, it was believed that a 2nd state of war could be prevented by ways of creating job opportunities and providing new working and life standards.

With 1942 Social Security report (Social Insurance and Allied Services), Lord William Beveridge aimed at creating a wellness system, providing minimum income and decreasing employment rates. After the war, Beveridge's opinions were evaluated together with Keynes approach for creating a national welfare for UK [xx]. Distrustfulness of liberalism urged countries for plunging into new quests.

States faced new social risks between 1870 and 1913. These risks were increment of aging population, pension payments, diseases, occupational diseases, and accidents. In 1880s, Bismarck made some efforts in order to provide social security. Reform efforts made by Bismarck aimed at providing a protection through social security against the risks of industrial revolution, low income, and population movements. The long working hours and heavy working atmospheric condition increased poverty and socialist movements. With these developments, the regulations covering disease insurance in 1883, work accident insurance in 1884, and former-historic period and disability insurance in 1889 were put in force.

Bismarck's reform movement aimed at establishing a arrangement not only under the land but also with support of employers and employees. According to this, the system had three dimensions: employer's responsibilities, individual investments, and private insurance. This system also accepted the intervention by state. Therefore, it possible to say that the economical and political structures and, consequently, social policies of other countries started the change subsequently Bismarck'southward reform.

Post-obit Bismarck'south reform, many legislative regulations were put in forcefulness for the diseases and injuries acquired by industrialization. No similar regulations and rules had been put in force in Western European Countries until 1913.

Because of industrialization, the changes in social demographic structure, and increasing pressures in nineteenth century in European states, the realization of welfare land gained speed. Public sector and economic system had a rapid development in Red china, Brazil, and Russia. Between 1950 and 1973, when it is known as the golden age of welfare state, the intervention of state gradually increased with the Keynesian arroyo which was adopted for solving the problems caused past the costless market economy. However, Keynesian policies caused states to become into crises after 1970s. High tax rates, increasing public expenditures, and states' intervening markets were cited as the reasons for the crunch. In this period, when the proportion of social expenditures to public expenditures was gradually increasing, former-historic period, motherhood, injury, and death insurances were accepted in many countries. In add-on, unemployment insurance and family aids were also regulated in more than adult countries [21].

The welfare state has been undergoing a transformation since 1975. The state intervention which increased with 1929 economic crisis was replaced with a system in which the country shrined after the oil crisis between 1973 and 1979. In this catamenia, states adopted the stance that states should exist less interventionist with regard to making economic and social policies. Information technology is observed that the budget arrears which was caused by the pressure of social expenditures increased in this period when unemployment became chronic, inflation charge per unit increased, and economical growth decreased especially in Western European countries.

Neoliberal approach which emerged in this period was adopted equally a new form of liberalism, a upshot of solution seeking against Keynesian policies [22]. Equally a result of vehement competition acquired by economic crises, a new period started in tardily 1970s, and in that period, Keynesian welfare state went through a crisis.

With globalization, welfare state that had stability in economical growth as well every bit skillful piece of work weather condition and price offers ended, and a new period in which nation states had less dominance started. These developments which also affected social policies led to adoption of neoliberal approach for decreasing social expenditures. States started restructuring and new reforms in lodge to re-offset economic growth. In the last xx years, many countries have made regulations to subtract social expenditures. All the same once again, in many countries, public expenditures have not decreased, instead, they have increased. The reasons of this status are not only economical reasons and developments but too the reasons caused by the change of demographic structure like crumbling population and the changing family construction. Equally mentioned above, economic policies and social policies have mutual interactions. Information technology is obvious that the changes in economical policies also affect social policies, and no one is independent of the other.

On the other mitt, the economic condition of welfare state is non simply related with individual behaviors but also related with social security system to be accepted for labor market and social welfare. The contradiction between labor market and state intervention has yet to be solved [17].

Welfare state continues to develop. State still plays an important role in determining social policies. It is possible to say that not but economical indicators but also the changes taking identify in demographic and social structure play role in determining the policies of welfare land.

The welfare land aims at redistributing income and thus plays an interventionist and regulatory role. It takes measures to eliminate negativity in working life. It determines the minimum wage, undertakes social security and welfare services, and intervenes by taxes and other expenditures to eliminate injustices in income distribution [23, 24].

The welfare state is expressed as the deepened and extension of the classic protective state [25]. The welfare state, whose final stage reached has been by the modern state, is no longer a "spectator land," but it is a "player state" [19].

All of the definitions regarding welfare state include the mentality to protect those who take poor economic and social conditions. This protection can be done through social policies. Therefore, welfare country's intervention for the sake of eliminating the negative conditions, which is required to be done by the welfare country and attain the goals of social policies, is appropriate and required.

Although the duties and scope of each welfare state change based on each state'south social, cultural, economic and demographic conditions; basically, they include ensuring the protection of children, the disabled, families, the elders and women, creating jobs, providing teaching and vocational training, struggling against poverty and low income, and improving the working conditions.

Considering the practices of the welfare state, various distinctions have been fabricated on the basis of services and expenditures to ensure social welfare. The most of import study almost this issue has been made past Gosta Esping-Andersen. Esping-Andersen classifies welfare state systems as follows:

• Liberal welfare model which is practiced by USA and UK

• Conservative and Continental Europe model which is good past Germany, French republic, and Belgium

• Social Democratic Scandivian Model which is practiced by Sweden and Kingdom of denmark [26, 27].

The welfare state, emerging as a response to the search for solutions to address the inequalities and negativities created past the industrial revolution, is a new class of the liberal state. Because the liberal approach threatening social interests due to the fact that capital and markets were not interfered and the socialist approach that kept the interests of the working class at the highest level were not sufficient to come across the social needs, the welfare land emerged as a system to overcome the problems of both of these systems.

Regarding the welfare country, it is possible to make the following determinations regarding the period until the beginning of the procedure of globalization and neoliberalism [28].

• The residual approach evolved and replaced by with an institutional approach.

• Demanding social welfare has turned into a human correct arising from being a citizen.

• While it was an agreement of service to meet the needs of only poor, it has turned into universal service to encounter the needs of the whole society.

• Information technology left from a express welfare budge to big welfare expenditures.

• The agreement that such problems every bit poverty and unemployment are not because of the mistakes done by individuals but because of inadequacy of the land and its institutions.

• Making efforts to take responsibility for providing social welfare has shifted from volunteer individuals and institutions to public institutions.

The economic crises experienced after the 1970s caused problems and criticized the Keynesian welfare state. Budget deficit was one of the issues that were faced due to the increase in unemployment, the decrease in economic growth, and the increase in retirement age and health expenditures due to the aging of the population. The criticism and debate nigh the welfare state are that all the negative, economic, social, and political issues are caused past the social policy practices of the welfare country.

Long-term consideration of demographic changes and the impact of globalization on the welfare state have opened new avenues for debate and discussion about the welfare state's future development [17]. The important point is providing people welfare for the welfare states.

Criticisms about the welfare state are:

• Poverty and unemployment rates have not been reduced, and social welfare policies have not been successful

• The opportunities provided for welfare crusade negative furnishings on family unit structure, increase divorce rates, and deteriorate moral values

• It has increased the taxes put on income and capital

• Social expenditures have increased [28, 29].

Welfare states have begun to develop new policies and restructure due to the bug that establish the source of criticisms of social policy. Although it is claimed that the welfare land has a tendency to go back due to economic and financial pressures, it is possible to say that the welfare country continues to make efforts to adapt with the new conditions.

3.ii Globalization

The transformations which have taken place in social policy and welfare land can exist explained nether the shade of globalization. In 1998s and 1990s, privatization and marketization had an affect for some of conservative governments. The governments had more than liberal approach to civil social club and economy policy.

Globalization reveals a free marketplace economy, liberal commonwealth, and cultural differences in the procedure leading to a holistic globe economy [30]. Globalization process gained momentum after 1980. In this procedure which was based on economic liberalization, the neoliberal model became dominant and the thought that state should abandon its agile role in social policies was adopted. In some developed countries, which had been practicing the neoliberal model, social policy implementations began to lose their importance, and they were completely neglected in less adult countries.

The effects of globalization became more evident at the end of the twentieth century, and the welfare land had less intrusive character with regard to taking measures for social protection due to the force per unit area caused past social expenditures and increased taxes. With the adoption of the dominant view that social expenditures hampered economic growth, the shrinking of welfare states and reduction of its role on social policies gained momentum. Due to the increasing competition between the welfare states, poverty and unemployment have increased, and injustices take emerged in the distribution of income [21].

The narrowing of social welfare state practices in the process of globalization acquired social rights to be restricted. Liberal understanding limits the country's duties with the provision of security, justice, and infrastructure. State shrinks through liberalization. The possibility of the deterioration of the balance between upper-case letter and labor, which was tried to be established after the industrial revolution, threatens those who are in need of social protection. The increasing unemployment rate is 1 of the most of import threats.

In the procedure of globalization, contrary to their liberal philosophy, the states that turned into neoliberal models needed to further develop their social policy practices. Developments show that, contrary to expectations, the model adopted in the process of globalization deepens the bug of social policies further.

The impacts of globalization on the welfare land model and social policies are evaluated from 4 different perspectives, which are:

• According to Mishra; globalization eliminates the independence of nation states. Economic growth is the sole target. International wage inequality and poverty increase due to economic pressures, and social protection is weakening. Welfare of nation states decreases with neoliberal policies [31].

• According to Pierson, globalization alone is not the reason for the reduction of the power of welfare states. As an external power, globalization may require renewal in the structuring of states, simply this restructuring should not be a reduction of social policies. In this process, states should also accept into account the internal effects such as demographic, migration, and social developments and make up one's mind on the restructuring procedure appropriately [32].

• According to Esping-Anderson, nation states should prefer more counterbalanced practices on the axis of globalization. Nation states with strong economic and political structures should prefer the near harmonious practices for their own future while guiding globalization [27].

• According to Rieger and Leibfried, globalization emerged as a consequence of efforts of the nation states to reduce the negative furnishings of state of war with the liberal model. The economies of nation states are independent of the global economic system; therefore, the restructuring process and the establishment of relevant policies should be evaluated in this respect [33].

The causes of the crisis of the welfare land in developed countries are globalization which is an external factor and internal variables which are related to the social structures of states. One of these reasons is the demographic structure, which has changed because of the aging population, prolongation of life, and decreasing nativity rates. In addition, family structure has changed, divorces have increased, public expenditures, pension and wellness expenditures, and taxes have increased, and economic growth has declined. The competitive ability of the countries in the international arena has decreased due to the increase in the expenditures of the welfare state to ensure social welfare. Having been in search of providing solution for the elimination of the financial pressures acquired by the expenditures related to increased welfare, the welfare states have entered into a restructuring process.

In the restructuring and surviving process, the financial force per unit area was tried to be eased through the privatization of the pension system, raising the retirement age, increasing the premiums, and reducing the financial pressure.

With the shrinkage in the welfare state, the provision of welfare services has likewise changed. The service provision which had been performed by the state has been given through local administrations at local level, and it has been left to the nonprofit arrangement, which means it has been "privatized" [28].

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four. Future of the welfare land and social policy

It seems difficult to foresee the hereafter state of welfare state clearly considering of variables. Welfare state changes based on social, economic, cultural, and demographic structures of states. It does not seem possible to provide financing of welfare statement with traditional methods. Especially 2008 financial crunch, welfare state had a view that a organization in which the main role player is the state is non sufficient for economic growth. The increasing unemployment is an obstruction for the welfare state growth. Moreover, the population of many states is getting older, and the demographic structure is changing. Labor markets need to be supported, new jobs need to be created, and employment needs to be increased. Therefore, states determined their policies. Public expenditures are increasing due to increasing pension payments with the crumbling population.

The expectations that welfare state provides welfare are increasing more and more than. The approaches for providing welfare are dissimilar. Some states adopt liberal approaches, some states adopt corporatist and some others adopt universal approaches. In recent years, the belief that economical policies are non sufficient for achieving a welfare land only that welfare country needs to be accomplished through social policies has been increasing.

Although many arguments have been raised in discussions on the time to come of the welfare state, information technology is possible to say that the rightist and leftist views are more dominant.

• The rightists contend that the welfare land tin overcome the crunch only by shifting to neoliberal policies. They besides argue that the obligatory alter that took identify in the industrial revolution is also valid for the Data Age which emerged in the last quarter of the twentieth century and that social policies demand to be developed past the supranational organizations after the change of welfare state.

• For the leftists, they argue that welfare states have the ability to adapt themselves changing conditions; and therefore, they can overcome the crisis through reforms and restructuring. It is suggested that the neo-Keynesian approaches should be adopted instead of the neoliberal approach in the reform procedure.

As an alternative to these views, neoliberals and conservatives have made new initiatives under the name of "New Right," and social democrats and social liberals accept made new initiatives under the proper name "The Tertiary Way" [21].

Furthermore, the legitimacy of the welfare state was questioned by both The New Right and The New Left. The New Left criticized the state's office was too weak compared to the markets, and a reformulation of the state'due south role in societal evolution was needed. The New Right is focused on the role of bureaucracy and pressure level groups. Co-ordinate to their stance, social club'south welfare is more important than bureaucracy and pressure groups' interests [17].

The globalization, which has been cited equally a reason for the transformation of the welfare state and social policies, increases its influence with the participation of international organizations such every bit World Bank, Globe Health Arrangement, and International Budgetary Fund [13, 34, 35]. Nation states should implement policies in economical and social spheres not based on external processes merely based on internal dynamics. As stated above, although they take similar features, each country has dissimilar applications for social protection. Here, the main important thing is to decide the impacts of alter on demographic and cultural structures of the countries and make intervention properly. In summary, it is the choice of national political government to present the furnishings of globalization as the simply reason for their national policies. Instead of this perspective, information technology would be a more realistic approach to endeavor to benefit from the positive impacts of globalization for reducing issues at the national level. By this mode, information technology would exist possible to develop more effective tools to foreclose the increasing social bug.

Welfare states are still developing. States are in search for better work and life atmospheric condition. They want to have social security systems which cover all social risks. From this perspective, it is possible to say that there is non a real crisis in welfare states, but in that location are efforts to remove obstacles before the economic growth.

Welfare states need to make regulations to decrease unemployment rates, taxes, and public expenditures because of the refuse in economic growth [17]. There seems to be a tendency for narrowing in social policies because the proportion of social expenditures in public expenditures is high.

Reform initiatives to reduce the welfare crises in the welfare states have led to giving more importance to "active social protection" understanding in social policy implementations [36]. These practices, which were put into exercise in 1990s and which aimed to exist agile in the labor market, were based on regulations that encourage working and restricting passive expenditures. In order to reduce the passive expenditures, the period of benefiting from social benefits was shortened, and their conditions were made difficult. When the bear on of the reform implementations on social expenditures is evaluated, it is seen that poverty of children has increased and the works for giving family unit aids and providing vocation education have been insufficient. It is obvious that retirement age and health expenditures will continue to increase due to the aging population. It is possible to say that the increase of passive expenditures due to the aging of the population constitutes an obstacle before realization of agile and passive reforms [37].

Every bit a result, welfare states proceed to exist in different ways. The developments prove that the view that social rights, freedoms, and ideological thoughts are not sufficient to achieve the economical growth. It is possible to say that the welfare states having this view will follow impartial policies about making social expenditures in future years.

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5. Conclusions

In this study, the social policy and the welfare state are handled with their goals, scopes, types, and problems from their historical evolution up to today.

Social policy is a set of measures adult to protect workers against the dangers arising as a result of industrialization, in parallel to the historical development, after the industrial revolution. Its emergence in this style has caused the social policies to exist defined in a narrow sense. Afterward Earth War II, the narrow perspective on social policy began to change. The reason of this modify was the fact that the measures to protect the interests of the working grade were not sufficient to solve social problems. Therefore, information technology was concluded that social policy should be extended to comprehend all segments of society. In a broad sense, social policy is a set of measures taken to ensure that all segments of the society alive in peace and harmony to prevent unemployment, to improve working conditions, to provide a minimum wage, to provide social security and benefits, to eliminate injustice in income distribution, and to ensure social justice. Social policy refers to all policies that ensure the welfare of the state and individuals and the dynamic practices that constantly change.

The chief goal of social policies is to ensure that everyone in gild lives in peace and harmony abroad from conflicts. With social policies, information technology is aimed to ensure social justice, social evolution, social residual, social integration, and social peace.

The goal of social justice is to create equality of opportunity for every individual without eliminating the freedoms and to ensure a fair distribution of income. In item, objective of justice is to provide services such as instruction, tax, social security, equal opportunities, and fair and adequate wages. Providing social balance is possible past eliminating social and regional differences. For the establishment of social peace, the factors that hinder social reconciliation must be eliminated. The aim of social integration is to ensure that measures are taken to prevent social disintegration. Social republic, which has been adopted equally the main objective of social policy, refers to the protection of individuals' interests in the environs of democratic freedoms by taking into account the balance of equality.

The industrial revolution played an important function in the historical development of social policies. Later on the industrial revolution, the increased capital ensured the germination of a powerful and rich bourgeoisie. On the other hand, the need for manpower was met past ways of the working course. The gap between these two segments in society gradually increased. With the power from capital, the bourgeoisie course began to impose depression wages, poor working conditions, and working hours of up to sixteen–xx hours on workers. The working course was left totally unprotected with the adoption of a liberal approach which argues that interference with market weather condition adversely affects welfare. The increasing social problems led to the formation of social policies. The liberal marketplace economic system, which was replaced with Keynesian policies afterwards World State of war II and 1929 economic crisis, was given up, and thus, the state could interfere with marketplace by ways of social policies.

Although in that location are many definitions of the welfare state, it is possible to say "It is a kind of country in which consciously organized public power is used to reduce the office of market forces." Shifting from a liberal model to Keynesian model of welfare state, states adopted a more interventionist character from economic, social, and legal points of view. Dating back to 1880s, the welfare state continued to strengthen until the mid-1970s due to the increased unemployment and spread of poverty in all countries.

The concept of welfare country entered into literature with the Beveridge Report, which was created in 1942. Looking at the foundations of the concept of welfare state, it is possible to say that it dates back to social security practices introduced by Bismarck in 1883. Welfare state emerged commencement in Deutschland and and so in Western Europe, North America, and Australia. The common characteristic of these countries was that they had industrialization and developed market economies and democratic systems. Republic of korea, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Taiwan, which underwent a farther industrialization process, started to be accepted every bit welfare states in the 1970s. Japan had completed this process before. While at that place were attempts to become a welfare land in the Soviet Union after the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917, the efforts to go a welfare land began afterward in China, Republic of cuba, and Eastern Europe but they did non achieve an accomplishment with this regard because they had no industrialization.

Social policy, which emerged as a result of failure of the social issues created by the liberal economy approach, was replaced with the concept of welfare state after the adoption of social security practices introduced by Bismarck in Germany.

The social country developed policies not only in the areas of wellness, teaching, social security, distribution of income, and housing but besides sought solutions to environmental and urban problems in order to ensure social welfare. The welfare state varies from country to country according to the level of welfare they have. According to the classification fabricated by Esping-Anderson, liberal welfare model belongs to conservative Continental Europe, while the social autonomous model belongs to Scandinavians.

Information technology is possible to say that the welfare land, which was developed to eliminate the deficiencies of the liberal and socialist understanding in welfare, is a new form of liberal model. In this sense, information technology acts with an interventionist approach to solve the problems that may arise in the field of social policy.

The Keynesian welfare state stated to accept a tendency to narrow social expenditures due to the decrease of economic growth, unemployment, and increased budget deficits afterwards the economical crises seen in the 1970s.

The criticism that the welfare country's practices for welfare were unsuccessful was justified based on allegations that poverty and unemployment increased, revenue enhancement and social expenditures constituted a big burden, and the family and moral structure in the society inverse unfavorably.

Welfare country's tendency to turn dorsum retrogressively is most likely to accept a negative impact on social policies. The financial pressures caused by social expenditures may cause the welfare country to take on a passive grapheme every bit in the liberal period in the confront of social bug and cause social policies to regress.

This retrogression in the welfare is justified with globalization process, which has started to show its effects since the late 1970s. The understanding of globalization which is accompanied past liberalization suggests the limitation of the duties of the state. This situation may crusade deeper issues in the social field. Although globalization had an impact on the welfare state as an external factor, it is also necessary to evaluate the internal factors related to the socioeconomic and demographic structures of the states in the emergence of the crisis.

Demographic structure that changed because of the aging of the population, prolongation of life bridge, and decreasing birth rates can be shown as a reason for the crunch of the welfare state in developed countries. In add-on, the family construction inverse, public expenditures, pension and health expenditures, and taxes increased, and economic growth decreased. The competitive power of the welfare state decreased due to the increment in expenditures made to ensure social welfare. The welfare states, which are in search of a solution for the elimination of the fiscal pressures caused by the expenditures related to increased prosperity, take entered into a restructuring process. In the process of restructuring and surviving, the financial pressure was tried to exist eased through the privatization of the retirement organisation, raising the retirement age, and increasing the premiums. During the restructuring procedure, the privatization initiatives were accelerated past providing the social welfare service through local administrations at local level.

At that place are many views on the future of the welfare country. Rightists who provide solutions to overcome the crisis contend that the neoliberal approach should be adopted, while leftists debate that neo-Keynesian approaches should be adopted.

In today'south globe, the concept of welfare state is transforming and the economical pressures created by globalization accept a tendency to narrow social policies. Based on the fact that the reason for the transformation in the welfare land is non just globalization, each state should develop policies and tools that are the most appropriate for its social structure to adapt information technology to the transformation procedure. In fact, when we look at the practices of the welfare states in the globe, it is possible to say that the effects of the crisis differ according to the level of development and welfare. Some of the welfare states continue to undertake initiatives to reduce public expenditures but they neglect to satisfy the expectations peculiarly because of the demographic structure. It is impossible to reduce the health and retirement expenditures because of the increasingly aging population.

The reform initiatives to reduce the crisis in the welfare states in the 1990s adopted the "agile social protection" agreement, which aimed at activation by keeping the work force in labor market active in social policy practices. In order to reduce the passive expenditures, the period of benefiting from social benefits was shortened, and their conditions were made difficult. Considering OECD data, it is seen that the activation efforts fail short to satisfy the expectations. On the other paw, it is seen that family and care support are non provided enough, and child poverty increases. Activation of practices is implemented past many countries. It can exist said that the time passed is non enough to give a decision whether the activation efforts have positive effects. Still, information technology is articulate that retirement and health expenditures will continue to increase due to the aging population.

Inflation, tax, and public expenditures need to be reduced in order that the welfare land continues its existence and economic growth and increases its competitiveness. In Europe, where there is tradition of social solidarity, there is a tendency that the welfare state continues. With the support of international organizations such as IMF, OECD, and World Banking company, welfare states transfer the distribution of social services to the individual sector. However, welfare services are all the same planned past the state, and many services are still provided by the state.

Despite all these developments, information technology is possible to say that the welfare country has an active role on social policies and welfare states are resistant to the economical negativities experienced. In our opinion, reducing social expenditures should be the last resort in the reform initiatives of states to achieve growth in the future periods of transformation of the welfare state. The strategies to be established in this mode should be determined in light of the following points:

• Non diffusive from the goal of achieving ultimate welfare in the transferring of services to the individual sector and preserving the regulatory, descriptive character of the state

• Encouraging the individual sector with regard to distribution of social services

• Making use of the increasing of voluntary organizations and local governments with regard to the provision of social services

• Restructuring to reduce expenditures other than social assistance expenditures

• Attaching importance to giving kid intendance money to families and importance to immature people's vocational education, considering the obstacles caused past the demographic construction

• Reducing the burden of unemployment in public social spending past producing solutions that can preclude the increasing and deepening unemployment in the world

• Reducing the inflation and tax

• Not considering decreasing the spending on social welfare every bit a tool for economic growth and determining the economic strategies on this basis

• Utilizing the developments on a global scale in favor of the social welfare state and adopting strategies in line with the positive furnishings of globalization and making cooperation with international and supranational organizations in this process

In the lite of all these points, information technology is possible to say that in the future, the governments adopting approaches compromising social policies in social club to attain economic growth will lead to the reaction of the order who has the expectation of social welfare. On the other mitt, achieving welfare without diffusive from the goals of social policy will besides vary according to u.s.a.' power to adapt themselves to changes and developments and reconstructing accordingly.

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Written Past

Esra Dundar Aravacik

Submitted: October 30th, 2018 Reviewed: November 2nd, 2018 Published: November 28th, 2018

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